Capacitance

Inductance

Under Construction

Impedance (Ω)

Z = √(R² + X_L²)

X_L = 2πƒL

Under Construction

Power

P = U * I

Solar Out

Power Output.

Material: Polycrystalline silicon
Maximum power: 0.252-0.253 W
Maximum current: 0.487 A
Maximum voltage: 0.518 V
Short-circuit current: 0.532 A
Open circuit voltage: 0.564 V
Conversion efficiency: 17.4%
Size: L x W = 52 x 26mm
Thickness: 0.25 mm

Package Include:
100pcs 52*26mm solar panels

Solar-cells calculator

Solar-panel calculator

Mechanical & Hydraulic horsepower

1 hp_I = 745.699872 W

3.44 V × 1.5 A = 5.16W

Capacity = 20000mAh

Diodes

Diodes are polarized

Anode is the Possitive shorted to A and Cathode shorted to C or K is the negative.

Current flows in one direction but all diodes have a reverse bias that makes a tiny amount of electrons to flow trught in the wrong direction.

Transistors

A Transistor is a Semiconductor Device¹ used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.

NPN vs PNP Transistors where N stands for Negative and P stands for Positive.

NPN - Negative-Positive-Negative.
PNP - Positive-Negative-Positive

Thyristors

A Thyristor is two Semiconductor Devices¹ connectied in such way so it switches only when the dirrection of voltage is changed.

Thyristors have both NPN and PNP doped and you can say it's like two Transistors one is NPN and the other one is PNP.

NPN - Negative-Positive-Negative.
PNP - Positive-Negative-Positive

Integrated Circuits (IC)

Integrated Circuit abbreviated as IC are often refered as a DIP and then followed with the total pins on it. For example: an IC with 4-pins on both sides are a DIP8 like the image bellow.

The content of an Integrated Circuit is a set of other components in nano scaled and connected as the schematic of the internal circuits.

IC - Integrated Circuit.
DIP# - Dual In-line Package Where # is replaced with the total set of pins.

Common IC

A list of commonly used Integrated Circuits.

NE555 - Timer Integrated Circuits

Precision timer

NE555 "Astable" Circuit:

NE555 "Astable" Calculator:

THIGH Time period of high output

THIGH (ms) = 0.693 × (R1+R2) × C1 × 1000

TLOW (ms) = 0.693 × R2 × C1 × 1000

T (sec) = 0.693 × (R2 + 2 × R2) × C1

T (sec) = THIGH + TLOW

ƒ (Hz) = 1.44 ÷ (R1 + 2 × R2) × C1

PWT (%) = (T1/T)

• THIGH - Time period of high (ON) signal in milliseconds.
• TLOW - Time period of low (OFF) signal in milliseconds.
• T - Time period sum of T_HIGH and T_LOW in seconds.
• ƒ - The freqency of one cycle in Hertz.
• PWT - (Duty cycle) is the percentage ratio of the pulse duration/pulse width to the total of the period (T) in waveform. Represents time duration of the high signal.
• -

Example: R1 = 1kΩ R2 = 100kΩ C1 = 10µF

THIGH = 699.93 ms

TLOW = 693 ms

T = 1.39293 sec

ƒ = 7.1641791044776E-11 Hz

Frequency

Wavelenght is Distance divided by Cycles.

Frequency is Cycles divided by Time

The unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. 60 rpm equals one hertz

• Hz - One cycle per second. 1 /
• RPM - Revolutions per minute
• PWM - Pulse-width modulation
• PDM - pulse-duration modulation
• MPPT - Maximum Power Point Tracking

7200 RPM = 120 Hz Hz = RPM / 60

5200 RPM = 86.666666666667 Hz Hz = RPM / 60

120 RPM = 2 Hz Hz = RPM / 60

60 RPM = 1 Hz Hz = RPM / 60

1 RPM = 0.016666666666667 Hz Hz = RPM / 60

120 Hz = 7200 RPM RPM = Hz * 60

90 Hz = 5400 RPM RPM = Hz * 60

60 Hz = 3600 RPM RPM = Hz * 60

30 Hz = 1800 RPM RPM = Hz * 60

1 Hz = 60 RPM RPM = Hz * 60

Frequency from Time or Period: ƒ = 1 ÷ T

Frequency from Wavelength: ƒ = V ÷ λ

λ = meter (m = nm × 1 m ÷ 10⁹ nm)

Frequency of Electromagnetic Waves in a Vacuum: ƒ = C ÷ λ

C = Speed of Light = 3.00 x 10⁸ m/s

I2C

I2C is a multi functional bus which means that multiple chips can be connected to the same bus pins.

The bus uses two pins for communications and one is a serial clock pin SCL and the other is a serial data pin SDA

Changing the I2C LCD address

Theese addresses apply to the most commonly used IC: PCF8574T that have switches or solderpads (A0, A1, A2) where 1 is no connection/ "switched off" and 0 is connected/ "switched on".

8 cm = 302.36220472441 px
3.5 cm = 132.28346456693 px

Logic Gates & Latches

Logic Gates are the base inputs to create electronic circuits.

A Logic Gate in electronics is an physical device that implement some rules and are defined by an Boolean algebra.

Logic Gates are input to output in diffrent stages similar to the Conditions: if(){} , else if(){} , else{} and Booleans: TRUE or FALSE used in memory/storage, programming and electronics.

RTL Resistor-Transistor Logic

is a class of digital circuits built using resistors as the input network and bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) as switching devices.

DTL Diode-Transistor Logic

TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic

FET Field-Effect Transistor

CMOS Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor

• INVERTER Inverts the input (If input is 1 the output will be 0 and if the input is 0 the output is 1).

• OR-Gate 2 Inputs, 1 Output

  A B X 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

• NOR-Gate 2 Inputs, 1 Output

  A B X 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

• NOT-Gate
• RTL Resistor-Transistor Logic
• DTL Diode-Transistor Logic
• TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic
• FET Field-Effect Transistor
• CMOS Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor

Step Motor

A step motor can you find in old scanners and printers and also in 3D Printers and CNC Machines.

BI-polar step motors are four wired with two coils.

UNI-polar step morors are six wired with two coils that have a seperated coil center connected wire for each coils.

Hybrid step motors are often five wired with two coils that have a common coil center connected wire.

H-Bridge

Stepmotors use a simple "H-Bridge" for each coil. Most common is the 4-pin stepmotors.

A simple H-Bridge uses two N-Channel and two P-Channel MOSFET's.

There is a way to use four N-Channel MOSFET's but you need to ensure the upper-side of the two MOSFET's do turn on fully, otherwise you have plenty of heat depending on your load

Unconfirmed solution, may or may not work:

To fully turn on the two upper-side MOSFET's you need to get the gate's voltage higher than the source and drain voltage.

IMAGE BELLOW DOES NOT ILLUSTRATE A FUCTIONAL H-BRIDGE.

18650 Battery

This types of batteries can be found mostly in old laptops battery packs, just look for the Li-ion badge if you plan to recycle them!

Power Wall & Solar Power Banks DIY

You can create your own Power Wall! You only need to get a lot of old laptop batteries with the Li-ion badge and take the form-faktor in concideration because the size of battery packs does matter!

Battery Pack Calculator Table

Batteries in Series creates higher Voltage (U:V) and batteries in Parallel creates more Ampere (I:mA or I:A).

3.7V, 3000mAh, 12 series, 8 parallel

Other types of Li-ion (Lithium-ion) batteries

Where the 18650-type battery type is the most commonly used in old laptop batteries, electric cars and E-wape's etc.

LCD character set table

LCD character is 5×7=35 Pixels in size.

Some random calculations:

• LCD-1602 (16 col × 2 rows) have ( ( 5 × 7 ) × 16 ) × 2 = 1120 pixels in total.
• LCD-2004 (20 col × 4 rows) have ( ( 5 × 7 ) × 20 ) × 4 = 2800 pixels in total.

Applies to chip: HD44780U with ROM code: A00

Display custom character

Don't find what you like to print on the display in one character?

There is a way to make up to 7-custom characters and save them to the I2C-chip by using the following lines of code:

You need to download the "LiquidCrystal_I2C" library and change the I2C-address and then set the type of display.

Istalling the library by using the Arduin IDE's tool bar as following: Sketch > Include library > Manage libraries then filter your search: LiquidCrystal I2C

lcd1(I2C-address,cols,rows)

ff7f0

/*******************************************************************************
 * @author Jesper 'TXM-MC' Johansson
 * @project Arduino
 * @file Custom_I2C_Character.ino
 * @created 10 Apr 2018 23:33:41
 * @copyright 2018
 * 
 * All rights reserved.
 * Distribution of the software in any form is only allowed with
 * explicit, prior permission from the owner.
 * 
 * https://TXM-MC.homeserver.com/Arduino/Custom_I2C_Character/Custom_I2C_Character.ino/
 ******************************************************************************/
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd1(0x27,16,2); // This defines "lcd1" with the connected display with "I2C-address,cols,rows" so it knows where to display it!

uint8_t celsius[8] = {0x08,0x14,0x08,0x03,0x04,0x04,0x03};

void setup(){
  
  // Serial.begin(9600); // Serial monitor is not required for this! =)
  lcd1.init();
  lcd1.backlight();
  
  lcd1.createChar(0, celsius); // This creates the custom character.
  
}
void loop(){
  
  lcd1.setCursor(0,0);
  lcd1.print("Celsius: ");
  lcd1.print((char)0);
  lcd1.print("=)    ");
  
  delay(500);
  
}

uint8_t celsius[8] = {0x08,0x14,0x08,0x03,0x04,0x04,0x03};

uint8_t fahrenheit[8] = {0x08,0x14,0x08,0x07,0x04,0x06,0x04};

uint8_t kelvin[8] = {0x08,0x14,0x08,0x05,0x06,0x05,0x05};

uint8_t ohmega[8] = {0x00,0x0E,0x11,0x11,0x11,0x0A,0x1B};

byte ohmega[8] = {B00000,
  B01110,
  B10001,
  B10001,
  B10001,
  B01010,
  B11011,
  B00000,
};

Gear Ratio

• A_IN - Input Gear
• B_OUT -

TCP Header (TCP-IP)

The Internet protocol suite is the conceptual model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks.

It is commonly known as TCP/IP because the foundational protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP).

It is occasionally known as the Department of Defense (DoD) model because the development of the networking method was funded by the United States Department of Defense through DARPA.

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite.

RJ45 (Ethernet)

EIA/TIA T568B Straight-Through pin layout

Electric Power Consumption Calculator

Based on Swedish electric company (Vattenfall) taxies and prices.

Using region: South Area (S-region), Price teriff: E4 Price Plan (Type of connection): 16A.

Using region: North Area (N-region), Price teriff: T4 Price Plan (Type of connection): Appartment.

Consumption: 80 kWh.

Total price: 406 SEK

Usefull Circuits

A simple use with simple circuits!

9V Battery low indicator

Parts used:

• 2× LED's (Red & Green).
• 1× 1kΩ potentiometer.
• 2× 1kΩ resistors.
• 1× 470Ω resistor.
• 1× BC547 transistor.
• 1× breadboard.
• Some breadboard/jumper wires.

Arduino

Pin Layouts for Arduino UNO, Arduino MEGA 2560, Arduino NANO & Arduino Pro MINI

Raspberry PI

Pin Layouts for Raspberry PI B+ & Raspberry PI 3 B+

Formulas

Name Abbreviations

Under T Construction